Taller # 1

Este párrafo es realizado con la finalidad de realizar el Taller # 1 del taller de ingles instrumental. Estos párrafos consisten en la definición sobre conocimiento:

The definition of knowledge is a matter of on-going debate among philosophers in the field of epistemology. The classical definition, described but not ultimately endorsed by Plato [1], specifies that a statement must meet three criteria in order to be considered knowledge: it must be justified, true, and believed. Some claim that these conditions are not sufficient, as Gettier case examples allegedly demonstrate. There are a number of alternatives proposed, including Robert Nozick's arguments for a requirement that knowledge 'tracks the truth' and Simon Blackburn's additional requirement that we do not want to say that those who meet any of these conditions 'through a defect, flaw, or failure' have knowledge. Richard Kirkham suggests that our definition of knowledge requires that the belief is self-evident to the believer.[2]

In contrast to this approach, Wittgenstein observed, following Moore's paradox, that one can say "He believes it, but it isn't so", but not "He knows it, but it isn't so". [3] He goes on to argue that these do not correspond to distinct mental states, but rather to distinct ways of talking about conviction. What is different here is not the mental state of the speaker, but the activity in which they are engaged. For example, on this account, to know that the kettle is boiling is not to be in a particular state of mind, but to perform a particular task with the statement that the kettle is boiling. Wittgenstein sought to bypass the difficulty of definition by looking to the way "knowledge" is used in natural languages. He saw knowledge as a case of a family resemblance. Following this idea, "knowledge" has been reconstructed as a cluster concept that points out relevant features but that is not adequately captured by any definition.[4]

Disponible: http://www.answers.com/topic/knowledge

El taller consiste en:
1. Leer el texto completo.
2. Subrayar las palabras que no se entienden.

a. Endorsed: verbo transitivo
 (dar el visto bueno a) aprobar
 (respaldar) apoyar, abogar por

b. Sought: For the verb: "to seek"
Simple Past: sought
Past Participle: sought
(search for) (frml) ‹person/object› buscar(conj)
(try to obtain) ‹work/companionship› buscar(conj).

c. Engaged: adjetivo
(betrothed) prometido, comprometido (AmL);

d. Kettle: sustantivo
pava f or (Bol, Ur) caldera f or (Andes, Méx) tetera f

e. Boiling: adjetivo
1 hirviendo
2 muy caliente: it's boiling (hot), (comida) quema
(tiempo) hace un calor agobiante
I'm boiling, me estoy asando (de calor)

3. Cuál es la idea principal del texto.
La idea principal de texto es definir según autores que es el conocimiento.

4. Identificar el tiempo general del texto.
El tiempo del primer párrafo esta en presente y del segundo en pasado.

5. Identificar al menos dos (2), de las siguientes categorías lexicales.
a. Artículos: The, a
b. Sustantivos: philosophers, epistemology
c. Verbos: to say, to perform
d. Adjetivo: Engaged, boiling.
e. Adverbio: ultimately, allegedly
f. Proposiciones: about, by
g. Conjunciones: but, and.
h. Prefijos: correspond, reconstructed.
i. Sufijos: requirement, adequately.
j. Cognados falsos:
k. Cognados verdaderos: classical, languages.

6. Sacar 4 oraciones e identificar:
Núcleo
Frase Nominal :  Nucleo, Pre modificadores, Post modificadores
Frase verbal, Nucleo, Señalar el tiempo verbal

The definition of knowledge is a matter of on-going debate among philosophers in the field of epistemology. (tiempo verbal: PRESENTE)
Frase Nominal: The definition of knowledge
Pre modificadores: the, Post modificadores: of knowledge
Frase verbal: is a matter of on-going debate among philosophers in the field of epistemology
Nucleo: is

Tiempo verbal de la oración: presente.

The classical definition, described but not ultimately endorsed by Plato [1], specifies that a statement must meet three criteria in order to be considered knowledge: it must be justified, true, and believed.

Frase Nominal: The classical definition
Pre modificadores: the, Post modificadores: 
Frase verbal: described but not ultimately endorsed by Plato [1], specifies that a statement must meet three criteria in order to be considered knowledge: it must be justified, true, and believed.

Nucleo: described
Tiempo verbal de la oración: presente.


He goes on to argue that these do not correspond to distinct mental states, but rather to distinct ways of talking about conviction
Frase Nominal: He
Pre modificadores: , Post modificadores:
Frase verbal: goes on to argue that these do not correspond to distinct mental states, but rather to distinct ways of talking about conviction
Nucleo: goes
Tiempo verbal de la oración: pasado.

Following this idea, "knowledge" has been reconstructed as a cluster concept that points out relevant features but that is not adequately captured by any definition.

Frase Nominal: Following this idea, "knowledge"
Pre modificadores: Following this idea, "knowledge", Post modificadores: Following this idea, "knowledge"
Frase verbal: has been reconstructed as a cluster concept that points out relevant features but that is not adequately captured by any definition.
Nucleo: has been reconstructed
Tiempo verbal de la oración: pasado perfecto.